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2021年NeuroscienceBulletin第二期封面文章:一种非经典突触后膜受体的表面标记与可视化技术

Neuroscience Bulletin 神经科学通报英文版 2023-05-13

  “突触”一词最早出自1897年由生理学家Michael Foster编撰的Textbook of Physiology(《生理学教科书》),源于希腊语Synapsis,意思是“连接”。现代神经科学将突触定义为神经元之间或神经元与效应细胞之间相互接触并实现功能联系的节点。当神经冲动到达上一级神经元(突触前神经元)的轴突终末时,触发神经递质的释放,这些神经递质穿过突触间隙作用到突触后膜受体,将神经信号传递给下一级神经元(突触后神经元)。因此,突触后膜受体在突触传递过程中发挥信号“接收器”的关键作用。通过构建特异的膜受体标记策略,结合荧光可视化技术,定位和实时追踪特定膜受体动态变化规律,是理解突触生理功能以及突触异常相关神经和精神疾病机制的首要任务。

Neuroscience Bulletin2021年第2期以封面文章形式发表了上海交通大学医学院徐天乐教授团队的技术方法论文Postsynaptic Targeting and Mobility of Membrane Surface-Localized hASIC1a。封面图中,孙悟空的火眼金睛代表高效特异的神经元膜表面hASIC1a标记与可视化工具,识破白骨精的伪装代表对hASIC1a时空特异性的突触定位和动态膜转运规律的揭示。


突触,这一高度特化且复杂的亚细胞结构承载着神经细胞间的信息传递,是脑功能和整体行为的基础[1-3]。突触前、后膜遍布数量种类庞杂的受体和离子通道,这些膜蛋白的精确定位和动态调节是神经元执行信息输入、加工和传导的关键。而受体和离子通道的定位或数量调控异常是多种神经和精神性疾病的潜在机制[3, 4]。由此,神经元如何维持突触受体和离子通道的动态平衡是神经科学领域的重要科学问题。

 

图1 谷氨酸受体的膜转运与突触可塑性

(修改自Gambino F, Choquet D. Eyes Wide Open on AMPAR Trafficking during Motor Learning. Neuron. 2020)


膜受体或离子通道主要在细胞表面发挥功能。对于谷氨酸受体的突触定位和膜转运已经有比较系统的认识[5-7]。大量研究揭示谷氨酸受体突触定位和膜转运决定兴奋性突触传递、突触长时程增强(Long-term potentiation, LTP)与长时程抑制(Long-term depression, LTD)以及学习记忆等脑认知功能(图1[8-11]。有趣的是,近年发现酸敏感离子通道1aAcid-sensing ion channel 1a, ASIC1a)也参与突触传递和可塑性[12-17]ASIC家族主要由4个基因(ACCN1ACCN2ACCN3ACCN4)编码6种亚基(ASIC1a,ASIC1b,ASIC2a,ASIC2b,ASIC3,ASIC4),在脑中ASIC1a是通道功能的核心亚基。三聚体离子通道(ASIC4除外)感受胞外H+升高而开放,主要引起Na+Ca2+内流,贡献学习记忆、慢性痛和负性情绪等生理和病理过程(图2)。但ASIC1a调节兴奋性突触功能的具体机制尚不清楚。通常认为突触小泡与突触前膜融合,H和谷氨酸被一同释放到突触间隙,激活位于突触后膜的ASIC1a,从而贡献突触传递和可塑性,并调节学习记忆等相关行为(图2[14, 18-21]

 

图2 ASIC1a的结构功能

(修改自Jasti J et al. Structure of acidsensing ion channel 1 at 1.9 A resolution and low pH. Nature.2007和Kreple CJ et al. Drug abuse andthe simplest neurotransmitter. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2014)

 

然而,作为一种非经典突触后膜受体,神经元膜表面功能性ASIC1a的突触定位和膜转运规律仍不清楚,主要原因在于缺乏用于细胞和组织免疫染色的ASIC1a特异性抗体等标记工具。虽然小鼠(mASIC1a)和人源ASIC1ahASIC1a)序列同源性高达98%,但两者在膜表面丰度和通道特性等方面存在差异,而对hASIC1a的研究更显不足[22-24]。徐天乐教授团队与合作者综合分子克隆、单细胞电生理、噬菌体展示、免疫染色和活细胞成像、单分子示踪等手段,筛选hASIC1a胞外域位点以插入标记序列(hASIC1a-298HA299hASIC1a-298pHluorin299)和从噬菌体组合抗体库中筛选特异识别hASIC1a胞外域构象的抗体[25]ASC06-IgG1ASC06-IgG1-Alexa488),开发了细胞膜表面功能性hASIC1a的标记和可视化工具,用于固定状态下研究神经元表面hASIC1a的亚细胞定位和活细胞实时观察树突上hASIC1a的动态转运(图3)。hASIC1a分布于皮层神经元胞体和树突,尤其在突触后膜富集;活细胞及单分子水平观察到树突上hASIC1a的正向插膜和侧向迁移,外源给予脑源性营养因子(Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF)可以促进hASIC1a的膜表达和侧向运动以及靶向突触的膜转运(图4)。这项研究为ASICs领域提供了关键的标记工具和技术支持,揭示了hASIC1a在神经元细胞膜表面的分布和运动规律,提示hASIC1a时空转运在突触功能调节中的关键作用。

 

3 神经元细胞膜表面hASIC1a的标记与可视化。

hASIC1a的胞外域抗体ASC06-IgG1或HA标签用于固定状态下神经元膜表面hASIC1a的标记和定位分析(I);胞外域pHluorin标签用于活细胞状态下实时观测突触表面的hASIC1a动态变化(II);荧光基团修饰抗体ASC06-IgG1-Alexa 488用于单分子或单颗粒水平研究树突表面hASIC1a的侧向运动(III)。

 

未来利用该工具,借助人干细胞分化神经元和hASIC1a基因敲入小鼠,结合超高分辨和在体双光子成像,在更精细的水平研究内源hASIC1a的突触定位和膜转运规律,探究hASIC1a的动态调控和突触结构功能以及动物行为的关联,最终解析H+/ASICs参与学习记忆等脑功能的新机制,甚至在整体水平靶向ASIC1a膜转运实现对慢性痛、恐惧和焦虑的干预。

 

图4 BDNF调控hASIC1a的动态膜转运

荧光漂白恢复实验表明BDNF促进ASIC1a靶向树突棘的正向膜转运;单分子示踪实验提示BDNF加速树突表面hASIC1a沿着细胞膜的侧向迁移。


详情请扫描下方二维码或复制原文链接查看网页版:

Song XL, Liu DS, Qiang M, Li Q, Liu MG, Li WG, et al. Postsynaptic targetingand mobility of membrane surface-localized hASIC1a. Neurosci Bull 2021, 37:145-165.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12264-020-00581-9


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