一周立法最新双语动态，我们来了！ 第72期

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一周立法最新双语动态，我们来了！第72期

北大法宝 2020-09-20

⊙ 本文长约11000字，阅读需时28分钟

Editor's Note

北大法宝推出“法宝双语新闻”栏目。本栏目选取近期重大立法动态进行双语发布，每周一期，欢迎关注！感谢新老朋友对北大法宝的大力支持，我们会持续为大家提供更好的法律信息服务。本周推送第七十二期！

一立法

1. 《中华人民共和国密码法》发布

China Passes Cryptography Law

2019年10月26日，十三届全国人大常委会第十四次会议表决通过了《中华人民共和国密码法》，将于2020年1月1日起施行。

On October 26, 2019, the Cryptography Law of the People's Republic of China passed the 14th Session of the Standing Committee of the Thirteenth National People's Congress, effective from January 1, 2020.

密码法共五章四十四条，重点规范了以下内容：第一章总则部分，规定了本法的立法目的、密码工作的基本原则、领导和管理体制，以及密码发展促进和保障措施。第二章核心密码、普通密码部分，规定了核心密码、普通密码使用要求、安全管理制度以及国家加强核心密码、普通密码工作的一系列特殊保障制度和措施。第三章商用密码部分，规定了商用密码标准化制度、检测认证制度、市场准入管理制度、使用要求、进出口管理制度、电子政务电子认证服务管理制度以及商用密码事中事后监管制度。第四章法律责任部分，规定了违反本法相关规定应当承担的相应的法律后果。第五章附则部分，规定了国家密码管理部门的规章制定权，解放军和武警部队密码立法事宜以及本法的施行日期。

With a total of 44 articles in five chapters, the Cryptography Law focuses on the contents as follows: Chapter One is General Provisions, providing for legislative purposes of this Law, basic principles for, leadership over, and administration systems of the cryptographic work, as well as measures for promoting and ensuring the cryptography development; Chapter Two is Core Cryptography and Ordinary Cryptography, stipulating the requirements for the use of core cryptography and ordinary cryptography, the security management rules, and a series of special security systems and measures of the state for strengthening core cryptography and ordinary cryptography work; Chapter Three is Commercial Cryptography, specifying the standardization system, the testing and certification system, the market access administration system, the use requirements, the import and export administration system, the administration system of electronic certification services for e-government, and the interim and ex-post regulatory system for commercial cryptography; Chapter Four is Legal liability, clarifying the corresponding legal consequences incurred from the violation of relevant provisions of this Law; Chapter Five is Supplemental Provisions, stating the power of the state cryptography administrative authority to develop rules, the legislative matters concerning the cryptographic work of the People's Liberation Army and the Armed Police Force, and the effective date of this Law.

根据密码法规定，国家对密码实行分类管理。密码分为核心密码、普通密码和商用密码。核心密码、普通密码用于保护国家秘密信息，属于国家秘密。商用密码用于保护不属于国家秘密的信息。公民、法人和其他组织可以依法使用商用密码保护网络与信息安全。

According to this Law, the state shall place cryptography under the categorized administration. Cryptography is divided into core cryptography, ordinary cryptography, and commercial cryptography, among which core cryptography and ordinary cryptography are used to secure state secret information and are deemed state secrets, whereas commercial cryptography is used to secure other information. A citizen, legal person, or any other organization may use commercial cryptography to protect cyber and information security according to the law.

2. 全国人大常委会明确国家监委制定监察法规职权

Top Legislature Clarifies NSC’s Power to Formulate Supervision Regulations

10月26日,十三届全国人大常委会第十四次会议表决通过《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于国家监察委员会制定监察法规的决定》，明确“国家监察委员会根据宪法和法律，制定监察法规”。决定自2019年10月27日起施行。

On October 26, 2019, the 14th Session of the Standing Committee of the Thirteenth National People's Congress passed the Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on the Development of Supervision Regulations by the National Supervisory Commission, which clearly provides that “the National Supervisory Commission shall develop supervision regulations in accordance with the Constitution and laws.” The Decision should come into force on October 27, 2019.

决定明确国家监委制定监察法规的范围，规定“监察法规可以就下列事项作出规定：（一）为执行法律的规定需要制定监察法规的事项；（二）为履行领导地方各级监察委员会工作的职责需要制定监察法规的事项。”同时规定“监察法规不得与宪法、法律相抵触。”

The Decision specifies the scope of development of supervision regulations by the National Supervisory Commission (NSC), providing that “The following matters may be governed by supervision regulations: (1) matters requiring the development of supervision regulations to implement the provisions of laws; and (2) matters requiring the development of supervision regulations to perform the duties of directing the work of the local supervisory commissions at various local levels.” and “no supervision regulations may contravene the Constitution and laws.”

决定明确监察法规的制定程序，规定“监察法规应当经国家监察委员会全体会议决定，由国家监察委员会发布公告予以公布。”

The Decision also states the procedures for development of supervision regulations, that is, “Supervision regulations shall, upon decision at the plenary session of the National Supervisory Commission, be issued by the National Supervisory Commission in an announcement.”

同时，决定还明确全国人大常委会对监察法规的监督，规定“监察法规应当在公布后的三十日内报全国人民代表大会常务委员会备案”；“全国人民代表大会常务委员会有权撤销同宪法和法律相抵触的监察法规。”

Meanwhile, the Decision clarifies the supervision of the NPC Standing Committee over supervision regulations, stipulating that “Supervision regulations shall be reported to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for recordation within 30 days of issuance;” and “The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress shall have the power to revoke the supervision regulations which contravene the Constitution and laws.”

3. 六部法律有关规定将在自由贸易试验区暂时调整适用

Application of Relevant Provisions of Six Laws to be Temporarily Adjusted in Pilot Free Trade Zones

10月26日,十三届全国人大常委会第十四次会议表决通过关于授权国务院在自由贸易试验区暂时调整适用有关法律规定的决定，自2019年12月1日起施行，在三年内试行。

On October 26, 2019, the Decision on Authorizing the State Council to Temporarily Adjust the Application of the Provisions of Relevant Laws in Pilot Free Trade Zones passed the 14th Session of the Standing Committee of the Thirteenth National People's Congress, which should be implemented on a trial basis during three years from December 1, 2019.

根据决定，在自贸试验区内，暂时调整适用对外贸易法、道路交通安全法、消防法、食品安全法、海关法、种子法等六部法律的有关规定，相关调整在三年内试行，按照直接取消审批、审批改为备案、实行告知承诺、优化审批服务等四种方式分类推进改革。

According to the Decision, the State Council is hereby authorized to temporarily adjust the application of relevant provisions prescribed in the Foreign Trade Law, the Road Traffic Safety Law, the Fire Protection Law, the Food Safety Law, the Customs Law, and the Seed Law within pilot free trade zones, and the aforesaid adjustments will be implemented on a trial basis during three years to push forward the reform under classified administration by means of the direct cancellation of approval, substitution of recordation for approval, implementation of notification and undertaking system, and optimization of approval services.

直接取消审批的事项包括对外贸易经营者备案登记，拖拉机驾驶培训学校、驾驶培训班资格认定和消防技术服务机构资质审批。审批改为备案的事项包括食品经营许可（仅销售预包装食品）以及报关企业注册登记。实行告知承诺的事项为公众聚集场所投入使用、营业前消防安全检查。当事人承诺符合消防安全标准并提供相关材料的，消防救援机构不再进行实质性审查，当场作出审批决定。优化审批服务的事项涉及林草种子（进出口）生产经营许可证核发，取消省级林草部门实施的审核。

Items of which approval will be directly cancelled include the recordation and registration for foreign trade operators, the accreditation of driving training schools and driving training classes for tractors, and the qualification examination and approval of fire protection technical service institutions. Items of which approval will be suspended and recordation administration will be implemented instead cover the food distribution licensing (for the sale of pre-packaged food only) and registration of customs declaration enterprises. The item under the notification and undertaking system is the fire safety inspection before a public gathering place is put into use or opens for business, under which the party concerned give an undertaking that the fire safety standards have been met, with relevant materials provided, the fire and rescue department should no longer conduct the substantive examination but make an approval decision on the spot. The items on optimizing approval services involve verification and issuance of production and distribution permits of forest and grass seeds (import and export), and cancellation of examination conducted by provincial forestry and grassland departments.

二司法

4. 两高发布办理非法利用信息网络、帮助信息网络犯罪等刑事案件司法解释

SPC and SPP Issue Judicial Interpretation on Handling of Criminal Cases Involving Illegally Using an Information Network or Providing Aid for Criminal Activities in Relation to Information Network

日前，最高人民法院、最高人民检察院联合发布《最高人民法院、最高人民检察院关于办理非法利用信息网络、帮助信息网络犯罪活动等刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》，对拒不履行信息网络安全管理义务罪、非法利用信息网络罪和帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪的定罪量刑标准和有关法律适用问题作了全面系统规定，自2019年11月1日起实施。

Recently, the Supreme People’s Court (SPC) and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate (SPP) jointly issued the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Handling of Criminal Cases Involving the Crime of Illegally Using an Information Network, the Crime of Providing Aid for Criminal Activities in Relation to Information Network, or Other Crime, which provides in a comprehensive and systematic manner for the conviction and sentencing standards for the crime of refusing to perform the information network security management obligation, the crime of illegally using an information network, and the crime of providing aid for criminal activities in relation to information network, and clarifies relevant issues on application of law, effective from November 1, 2019.

《解释》明确了拒不履行信息网络安全管理义务罪的主体范围、前提要件、入罪标准；明确了非法利用信息网络罪的客观行为方式和入罪标准；明确了帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪的主观明知推定规则、入罪标准；明确了单位实施相关网络犯罪的定罪量刑标准；明确了相关网络犯罪的职业禁止、禁止令和罚金刑适用规则。

The Interpretation mainly clarifies the following: the scope of online service providers, preconditions, and criminalization criteria for the crime of refusing to perform the information network security management obligation; the objective acts of and criminalization criteria for the crime of illegally using an information network; the presumption rules on subjective knowledge and criminalization criteria for the crime of providing aid for criminal activities in relation to information network; the conviction and sentencing standards for the network crimes committed by entities; and applicable rules for declaring occupational prohibition, granting an injunction, and imposing fines against relevant network crimes.

5. 最高院发布《关于建立法律适用分歧解决机制的实施办法》

SPC issues Measures for Establishing a Mechanism for Resolving Divergences in Application of Law

2019年10月28日，最高人民法院印发《关于建立法律适用分歧解决机制的实施办法》，并于10月28日起正式施行。

On October 28, 2019, the Supreme People’s Court (SPC) issued the Measures for Implementation of Establishing the Mechanism for Resolving Divergences in Application of Law, effective from the date of issuance.

《实施办法》全文共计12条，在分歧解决工作组织体系、分歧解决申请、分歧解决工作流程、分歧解决结果的适用等方面做出了具体规定。

The Measures consist of 12 articles, covering, among others, organization system, application, workflow, and application of a result in the divergence resolution work.

《实施办法》强调，最高人民法院审判委员会是最高人民法院法律适用分歧解决工作的领导和决策机构。最高人民法院各业务部门、各高级人民法院和专门人民法院在案件审理与执行过程中，发现最高人民法院生效裁判之间存在法律适用分歧的，或者在审案件作出的裁判结果可能与最高人民法院生效裁判确定的法律适用原则或者标准发生分歧的，应当启动法律适用分歧解决机制，向最高人民法院提出法律适用分歧解决申请。最高人民法院审判管理办公室、最高人民法院相应业务部门和中国应用法学研究所分别负责法律适用分歧解决的相关工作。

According to the Measures, the Judicial Committee of the SPC is the leading and decision-making body for the divergence resolution in application of law. Where any business division of the SPC, any higher people's court, or any special people's court, in the process of case trial and enforcement, discovers any divergence in the application of law among effective judgments rendered by the SPC, or holds that the result of judgment to be made for its pending case may run counter to the principles or standards for application of law as determined in effective judgments of the SPC, the mechanism for resolving the divergences in application of law should be initiated and an application for resolving the divergences in application of law should be submitted to the SPC. The Trial Administration Office and corresponding business divisions of the SPC as well as the China Institute of Applied Jurisprudence respectively take charge of the relevant work.

《实施办法》明确要求，最高人民法院审判管理办公室收到最高人民法院相应业务部门的复审意见后，应当及时报请院领导提请最高人民法院审判委员会对法律适用分歧问题进行讨论，由最高人民法院审判委员会委员讨论决定法律适用分歧的最终解决结果。

After receiving the review opinions from the corresponding business divisions, the Trial Administration Office should timely report to the leaders of the SPC to submit it to the SPC Judicial Committee for deliberation, which is in charge of making the final decision on the divergences in application of law through discussion.

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稿件来源 | 北大法宝英文编辑组（Mani）

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审核丨张轶辰、张大雷

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